回到賽場 Return to Play —ACLR 專題篇(一)
根據英倫運動醫學期刊 BJSM Ardern et at 2011 的大型回顧研究,在 5770 名完成前十字韌帶重建 (ACLR)的病患中,四十一個月後能夠回到傷患前運動水平的病患,只有 63%;能夠回到傷患前競技水平的,更只有 44%。前十韌帶傷患的後患和對運動能力的衝擊,還是非常嚴重。
術後的肌力退化,可能是「回到賽場」的關鍵。ACLR 對肌力的影響,可以遠至術後五年。不同 ACLR 的方式,膕繩肌方式和髕骨腱方式 ACLR,術後對不同肌群也有不同影響。
Forty-five articles could be identified. All articles identified reported strength deficits after ACL reconstruction in comparison to control subjects. Some of these deficits persisted up to 5 years after surgery. Knee flexor strength is more impaired after ACL reconstruction with hamstring grafts and quadriceps strength after BPTB ACL reconstruction.
— Petersen et at 2014
亦有研究指出,不能回到賽場的因素,亦不可排除心理陰影、生活規劃改變和個人性格的影響。
Patients who did not return to their preinjury level of sport after primary ACL reconstruction despite having good knee function were largely influenced by fear, shifts in priority, and individual personalities.
— Tjong et at 2013
現今手術和物理治療的科技,已經解開了從傷害到點復日常生活部份的疑問。絕大部份的病患,ACLR 後都可以達到臨床上康復的水平,那為甚麼「回到賽場」這樣艱難呢?從「臨床上康復」到「回到賽場」,中間又應該是甚麼呢?
我們應該從不同面向,來解決 ACLR 術後問題。
完善的檢測
檢測的部份,之前也有在《不夠壯、不夠硬、不能持久》及《狀態-狀與態之別》文中詳細論述,讀者可以前往參考。
在 ACLR 不同階段的,我們也會配個專項檢測。大部份專項檢測,都必須經由醫療人員進行:
延伸閱讀:《狀態-狀與態之別》
延伸閱讀:《不夠壯、不夠硬、不能持久》
循序漸進的重力訓練
The ACL group preferentially unloaded the reconstructed limb at baseline, but changed to a more symmetrical load distribution to perform the squat exercise in the fatigue condition. This same loading pattern was seen at both the knee and hip joints.
— Webster et al 2015
ACLR 術後,絕大部份病患都會把重心偏離,讓患側受力較少。不論在日常生活或重力訓練中,重心偏離的情況都會實在的存在。要對應這個後遺症,我們有幾項注意事項:
- 當肌力訓練達致疲倦水平後,患側重心偏離的情況會大幅改善。理論上,訓練要夠重夠準確,才有機會把後遺症改善
- 很多病患會很在意患側的肌力退化,會集中訓練患側。實在欲速則不達也!開始的時候,必須由雙側訓練開始,再慢慢加入重心元素,最後才展開兩側的單側訓練。大概就是 Backsquat → Split Squat →Single Leg Squat
- 亦有研究指出,Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE) 是比較有效的訓練處方方式。重點就是,那是漸進而且是困難的訓練,必須有物理治療師 / 教練在場指導才可以進行
還有三大議題,下文再深入探討分享:
穩定性、靈活性、平衡訓練
速度訓練
回場前循序漸進的介入
Reference:
- Ardern CL, Webster KE, Taylor NF, et al. Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:596–606
- Ellmen MB, et al. Return to Play Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2015;23: 283–296
- Horschig AD, Neff TE, Serrano AJ. UTILIZATION OF AUTOREGULATORY PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN TRANSITIONAL REHABILITATION PERIODIZATION OF A HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL‐PLAYER FOLLOWING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION: A CASE REPORT. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2014;9(5):691–698.
- Petersen et at. Return to play following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review about strength deficits. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, October 2014, Volume 134, Issue 10, pp 1417–1428
- Tjong, VK, et at. A Qualitative Investigation of the Decision to Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: To Play or Not to Play. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2013 Vol 42, Issue 2, pp. 336–342
- Webster KE, et al. Symmetry of squatting and the effect of fatigue following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. November 2015, Volume 23, Issue 11, pp 3208–3213